signeros — boot log

SIGNEROS▮Turn a computer you already own into an air-gapped Bitcoin wallet

A USB stick that turns a computer you already own into an offline Bitcoin signing device. While it is running, that machine cannot go online and cannot see its own hard drives. Switch it off and everything you did is gone.

NEVER ONLINE LEAVES NO TRACE BOOTS FROM USB SIGNS PSBT FILES FREE & OPEN SOURCE
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Start here

Two things people come here to do

01The premise

The safest computer is the one that was never connected.

SignerOS starts from a USB stick and runs entirely in the computer's memory. It has no way to reach the internet, no way to touch the machine's hard drives, and nowhere to keep a history. The only place it can save anything is the stick you booted from, and the only things it saves there are files that are safe to share — a signed transaction, or the public keys your everyday wallet needs to watch your balance. Switch the power off and the session, your recovery words included, is gone.

See the signing ritual ↓
A-01

It cannot go online

The ability to use a network was left out of this system entirely, so Wi-Fi, Ethernet and Bluetooth do not merely fail — they are not there. There is nothing to switch off, and nothing to remember to switch off.

NO WI-FINO ETHERNETNO BLUETOOTH
A-02

It leaves the computer alone

The whole system lives in memory and never installs itself. It cannot even see the hard drives of the machine you borrowed, so what is on them cannot be read, changed or infected. Nothing is written anywhere except, when you ask for it, one file on your own stick.

NOTHING INSTALLEDYOUR DISKS UNTOUCHED
A-03

One app, and no way out of it

The stick boots straight into the signer and there is nothing else on it: no desktop, no browser, no file manager, no command line. Fewer moving parts means fewer places for something to hide, and far less code for anyone to check.

1 APPLICATIONNOTHING ELSE TO RUN
A-04

No trace afterwards

Any reasonably modern PC with a USB port becomes a signer for as long as it is switched on — an old laptop is ideal. Take the stick out, start the machine normally, and it is as if SignerOS was never there.

USE ANY PCSTART IT, THEN FORGET IT
02The app

Three things. Create a wallet. Export keys. Sign.

There is one app on the stick and its first screen offers exactly those three choices. There is no desktop behind it, no browser, no file manager and no command line — the signer is the whole of what the machine can do until you switch it off.

Walk through all three, screen by screen →
03The signing ritual

One file crosses the gap — nothing else does.

Your everyday machine prepares the transaction; the offline machine approves it. The only thing that travels between them is a file on a USB stick — the SignerOS stick itself does fine. There is no camera and no QR scanning here, and nothing that crosses ever contains a secret.

01

Compose

In your everyday wallet, build the payment as usual and save it as an unsigned transaction file instead of sending it.

ONLINE PC
02

Carry

Copy that file onto the stick. Any name will do as long as it ends in .psbt. Nothing on this stick is secret at any point.

USB COURIER
03

Start up

Start the offline computer from the stick. The app lists the transaction files it finds and you pick the one to look at.

SIGNEROS
04

Review

Who gets paid, how much, and what the fee is — all worked out from the file itself rather than taken on trust. Read it like a receipt.

SIGNEROS
05

Sign

Type your recovery words. The machine shows you one last summary in plain terms — what is really leaving your wallet, what is coming back — you confirm, and it signs. Your key is erased immediately afterwards.

SIGNEROS
06

Shut down

The signed file is saved next to the original, which is left untouched. Use Secure shutdown and wait for the machine to switch off before pulling the stick out.

SIGNEROS
07

Broadcast

Take the stick back to your everyday machine and send the signed transaction from there. Done — nothing secret ever left the offline machine.

ONLINE PC
04Two ways to use it

Your only key, or one of several.

SignerOS can hold the single key to a wallet — or be one signature of several, alongside a hardware wallet you already own. The same stick does both: it hands your everyday wallet the public keys it needs, and signs whatever that wallet passes back. Setting one up is a walkthrough of its own: two SignerOS seeds into one 2-of-2 in Sparrow, a payment signed twice, and broadcast.

ONLINE PC

Your everyday wallet, set up from the public keys SignerOS exported. It can watch your balance and prepare payments — but it cannot send one.

unsigned──▶◀──signedUSB STICK
SIGNEROS PC

Your personal computer, booted from the SignerOS USB. Reviews and signs. Never online — it has no way to be.

One key, kept offline. Only the offline machine can approve a payment, and only while it is switched on. Everything else stays an ordinary, everyday computer.

YOUR EVERYDAY WALLET · ONLINE PC

Software like Sparrow puts the three devices' public keys together into one wallet, prepares the payment, and collects signatures until it has enough.

SIGNEROS · PC A

Key #1. A personal computer booted from the SignerOS stick.

SIGNEROS · PC B

Key #2. A second, separate personal computer — ideally kept in another place.

HARDWARE WALLET

Key #3. Any hardware wallet that can sign transaction files completes the trio.

Any two of the three. Two signatures approve a payment, so one lost key is survivable and one stolen key is useless on its own. One thing to know: with a setup like this, your recovery words alone are not enough to get your money back — you also need the file that describes the wallet, including the other two devices' public keys. Back that file up somewhere alongside your words. It cannot spend anything, so keeping copies of it is safe.

05On paper

Where the words go

Every flow in section 02 ends with a set of words that exist nowhere but on paper, and one of them ends with a wallet you can hand to somebody else. These three pages are the paper half of that: single HTML files that fetch nothing, so you can open them on the offline machine, print them blank, and fill them in with a pen.

// Whichever one you print, the words are written by hand. None of these pages has a field to type them into and none of them ever will: a typed seed is a seed in an undo buffer, an autofill store and a print spool at once.

06Questions

Asked, answered.

Does SignerOS ever touch the internet?
It cannot, and that is stronger than "it does not". The ability to use a network is not switched off in this system — it was left out of it. There is no Wi-Fi, no Ethernet, no Bluetooth, and no program on the stick that could use them if they existed. Plugging in a cable does nothing. This is also not a promise anyone has to take on trust: the project refuses to produce an image at all if that ever stops being true, and it is tested again on the finished system before release.
Can anything persist after I power off?
Nothing except the file you asked it to save. Everything runs in the computer's memory, and the machine's own hard drives are invisible to it, so it could not write to them even if something on it tried. The only place it can save anything is your stick, and the only things it saves there are files that are safe to share: a signed transaction, or the public keys your everyday wallet needs. Your recovery words are never written anywhere at all — not to the stick, not to a log, not to a temporary file. That last one is checked automatically before every release rather than being a promise on a web page.
Which wallets work with it?
Any wallet that can watch a balance from public keys and can save a payment to a file instead of sending it. Sparrow and Bitcoin Core are the usual choices; Blockstream Green works too, and the exported file is deliberately written so that all three can use it directly — you copy the one line your wallet asks for. Everything travels as files on the stick: there is no camera and no QR scanning here.
Where do I type my recovery words?
Only on the SignerOS screen, on a machine that has no way to reach anywhere. As you type, the words go into a protected area of memory that is erased as soon as it is finished with, and nowhere else. If what you hold is a private key from a wallet rather than a set of words, that works here too.
Can I use a passphrase — the “25th word”?
Yes, everywhere you can type recovery words — and it is shown on screen and asked for twice. That is on purpose. Any passphrase is a valid passphrase, so a wrong one does not produce an error: it quietly gives you a different, empty wallet, and nothing anywhere will tell you why your money is missing. The machine also treats every keyboard as a US one, so on a Turkish or German layout the punctuation is not where your keys say it is — seeing the characters is what catches that. Leaving it empty is perfectly normal; most wallets have none.
What will it refuse to sign?
Two things above all. First, a transaction file that does not contain enough information for the machine to work out the fee: leave a piece out and a transaction can look like it pays a trivial fee while actually handing most of your balance to a miner. SignerOS says exactly what is missing and what to ask your wallet for, and there is no way to override it. Second, a file that claims one of the payments is your own change when your key says otherwise. Working that out from your key rather than believing the file is the difference between showing you a real receipt and showing you one written by whoever sent you the file. A deliberately forged example of that attack is part of the project's own tests, and a version that signed it could not be released.
What hardware do I need?
An ordinary PC or laptop that can start from a USB stick — an old one is ideal, and it does not need to be fast or in good shape, since nothing is installed on it. Roughly anything made in the last decade will do; very old machines start up in a way this does not support. Plus a USB stick of 1 GB or more, which you do not need to format. A keyboard is expected, and a mouse, trackpad or touchscreen all work.
Should I download the release or build it myself?
Download it to try it — that is what it is published for, and an afternoon spent watching the thing work is not wasted. Build it before you trust a wallet to it. The two are not rivals: the build is meant to give everyone who compiles the same version an identical result, so building it and finding the same number we published is what turns "their file" into "the file I checked myself". It also gets you the one thing a published image cannot have — a signature made with a key you hold instead of one somebody else does. And if your number ever comes out different from ours, say so publicly. That is the whole point of doing it this way.
Is it free?
Yes, and it always will be. SignerOS is open source under the MIT license: anyone may read it, build it, change it or check it, and there is nothing to buy, register or subscribe to. Donations keep the kettle on, nothing more.